The development status of American agriculture
1、适度规模化农场是美国农业的重要组成形式(Moderate-scale farms are an important form of American agriculture)
几十年来,美国农场在数量、生产、经营及农场主家庭收入等方面都发生了较大变化,表现出一些新的特点:
第一,农场数量大幅下降,经营成倍面积扩大。美国农业部经济研究所的数据显示,1935年美国农场数量最多,为680万个,1974年降至230万个,2004年为211万个,2022年约180万个。农场总面积也从1954年的12.06亿英亩(1英亩合6.072亩)降到2002年的9.38亿英亩,而农场平均面积从1935年的155英亩增加到2002年的441英亩,2022年为750英亩。不过,大多数美国农场规模都较小,有59.3%的农场在2002年的销售额不到1万美元,销售额超过50万美元的仅占总量的3.3%。
The number of farms has fallen sharply and the doubled area has expanded. According to the US Department of Agriculture, the U. S. farms were the most abundant in 1935, at 6.8 million, to 2.3 million in 1974,2.11 million in 2004 and 1.8 million in 2022. Total farm area also fell from 1.206 million acres (6.072 acres) in 1954 to 938 million acres in 2002, while average farm area increased from 155 acres in 1935 to 441 acres in 2002 and 750 acres in 2022. However, most U. S. farms are smaller, with 59.3 percent of the farms selling less than $10,000 in 2002, and only 3.3 percent of the farms selling more than $500,000.
第二,美国农场主对其所经营的土地不一定都拥有所有权,有的则是租用别人的土地。从所有制的角度看,美国农场可分为业主制、合伙制和公司制,其中公司制又可分为家庭公司和非家庭公司。业主制目前仍是美国农场最普遍的组织形式。
第三、生产向大农场集中,产品单一化。尽管小农场在数量上占大多数,但少数大农场占了美国农产品销售总额的绝大部分。农业生产的这种集中是随着时间推移而显现的。1900年,17%的农场生产50%的农产品;到1997年,50%的农产品则是由2%的农场生产的;到2022年,大农场成为主流。
Production is concentrated on large farms, and the products are single. Although small farms account for the majority, a few large farms account for the vast majority of total agricultural sales in the United States. This concentration of agricultural production emerges over time. In 1900,17% of farms produced 50% of agricultural produce; by 1997,50% of agricultural produce was produced by 2% of farms; by 2022, large farms became mainstream.
第四、规模较小的美国农场一般只生产一种产品,但即使是大农场,也仅生产有限的几种产品。在销售额超过50万美元的农场中,有3/4的农场所生产的产品种类不超过3种。
第五、土地租用、生产和销售契约化。上世纪90年代,大约有2/3的农场土地是租赁经营的。租赁成为获得更多土地的途径。通过租用土地农场得以扩大,避免了拥有土地所有权而可能出现的债务和风险,并能更快地对市场形势变化作出反应。 同时,美国农场主越来越多地依靠合同来进行生产和销售。对于生产者来说,合同能减少价格和生产变化带来的收入风险,确保产品顺利进入市场;对于产品加工者和其他购买者来说,合同是确保获得产品和获得差异性产品的途径,也是确保跟踪产品质量和实现某种特定生产方式的途径。
第六、契约生产在美国农业产值中所占比例越来越大,2003年达到39%,比1969年增加27个百分点。2022年则高达85%以上。
Contract production accounts for an increasing proportion of American agricultural output, reaching 39% in 2003, up 27 percentage points over 1969. In 2022, more than 85 percent.
2、农场主家庭主要收入来源不是农场
如今美国农场经营者家庭最重要的收入来源是农场以外的工作,而不是农场本身。有资料显示2019年,农场主家庭平均收入的90%源于农场以外。
收入情况反映出很多美国农场主并不以经营农场为主要职业。所谓主要职业,是指占有他们50%以上工作时间的职业。农场规模越小,经营者越可能以农场外工作为主要职业。即使是经营大农场的家庭也有成员全职或部分时间从事非农场工作。除从事领取薪水的非农场工作以外,一些农场主还从经营非农场企业或第二个农场等获得收入。
3、美国农业机械发展趋势(Development trend of American agricultural machinery)
为适应美国地多人少的现实,农业机械继续向大型、宽幅、高速、复式作业和高生产率的方向发展,并在实现机械化的基础上逐步向生产过程的自动化、智能化过渡。电子技术、微型电子计算机技术等各种先进科学技术,在农业机械产品及其设计制造中得到日益广泛的应用。在畜牧饲养业中,特别是养鸡业已进入工厂化连续生产的阶段,自动控制小气候的密闭鸡舍是畜牧机械的新发展。
In order to adapt to the reality of fewer people in the United States, agricultural machinery continues to develop to the direction of large, wide range, high speed and high productivity, and gradually transition to the automation of the production process on the basis of mechanization. Electronic technology, micro-electronic computer technology and other advanced science and technology are increasingly widely used in agricultural machinery products and their design and manufacturing. In the animal husbandry industry, especially the chicken industry has entered the stage of the factory continuous production, the closed chicken house with automatic control of the microclimate is the new development of animal husbandry machinery.
在田间作业机械中,液压和电气控制相结合,或直接用电气或电磁控制的自动控制装置已开始应用,如谷物联合收获机上收割台的升降控制和拨禾轮的无级变速等。电子监视仪表的品种日益增多,如播种机上的播种均匀度监视仪、谷物联合收获机上的谷粒损失监视仪和滚筒转速监测仪以及喷雾机上的喷幅和喷量监视仪等。电子技术越来越多地用在蔬菜和水果的自动分级、田间灌溉的自动管理等机械设备上。
In the field operation machinery, the combination of hydraulic and electrical control, or direct electrical or electromagnetic control of automatic control devices have been applied, such as the lifting control of the harvester on the combined harvester and the cascade variable speed of the grain wheel. The variety of electronic monitoring instruments is increasing, such as sowing uniformity monitor on seeder, grain loss monitor on grain combined harvester and drum speed monitor, and spray amplitude and spray volume monitor on sprayer. Electronic technology is increasingly used in mechanical equipment such as automatic grading of vegetables and fruits and automatic management of field irrigation.
4、我国以发展中小型农业机械为主
重点发展的项目是经济效益高、能提高抗御自然灾害能力、保证稳产高产和增产增收的农业机械品种,如排灌、植物保护和施肥等机械。用于农村多种经营的机械品种将得到较大的发展,例如各种农副产品加工机械和禽畜饲养机械,以及养蜂、养蚕、池塘养鱼和食用菌类培植等机械设备。近年向全程、全面、全产业链机械化发展,经作、畜牧业机械化提速显著。
The key development projects are agricultural machinery varieties with high income, such as high economic benefits, which can improve the ability to resist natural disasters, ensure stable and high yield and increase income, such as drainage and irrigation, plant protection and fertilization. Machinery varieties used for a variety of rural operations will be greatly developed, such as a variety of agricultural and sideline products processing machinery and livestock breeding machinery, as well as beekeeping, sericulture, pond fish farming and edible fungus cultivation and other mechanical equipment. In recent years to the whole process, comprehensive, the whole industry chain mechanization development, the mechanization of farming, animal husbandry accelerated significantly.
我国农业机械的节能和农用多种能源的开发,受到越来越大的重视,发展趋势是:
①从改进燃烧过程、回收利用废气和冷却水热量等方面着手,降低内燃机的耗油量。
②使用植物油、酒精和沼气等从农副产品或农村废弃物中获得燃料的内燃机,以及可以变换所用燃料的双燃料内燃机。
③利用太阳能、地热和火电站余热等烘干谷物和其他农产品,或把它们用于温室和禽畜舍的采暖加温系统。
④利用风力发电和提水等。
⑤农业机械的电动化、智能化正加速发展。

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