美国“智慧农业”给我之启示

The American "smart agriculture" has taught me something

智慧农业是现代农业发展的高级阶段，美国的智慧农业是互联网从消费互联网进入产业互联网时代的直接产物，同时也是市场竟争及产业自身可持续、高水平发展的现实需求。美国利用物联网科技开展智慧农业生产的水平世界领先，带动农业产业链条实现了全新变革，其做法值得研究及参考。

Smart agriculture is the advanced stage of the development of modern agriculture. Smart agriculture in the United States is the direct product of the Internet from the consumer Internet to the industrial Internet era, and it is also the realistic demand of market competition and the sustainable and high-level development of the industry itself. The United States uses the Internet of Things technology to develop smart agricultural production in the level of the world, which has driven the agricultural industry chain to achieve new changes. Its practice is worth studying and reference.

美国发展“智慧农业”主要做法（The United States mainly develops "smart agriculture" practices）

美国的“智慧农业”是互联网从消费互联网进入产业互联网时代的直接产物，同时也是市场竞争及产业自身可持续、高水平发展的现实需求。

The "smart agriculture" in the United States is the direct product of the Internet from the consumer Internet to the era of industrial Internet, and it is also the realistic demand of market competition and the sustainable and high-level development of the industry itself.

20世纪80年代，美国率先提出“精确农业”的构想并在此后多年的实践中成为“精确农业”绩效最好的国家，这为“智慧农业”奠定了良好的发展基础。现阶段，美国利用物联网科技开展“智慧农业”生产的水平世界领先，带动农业产业链条实现了全新变革。

In the 1980s, the United States took the lead in proposing the idea of "precision agriculture" and became the best performing country of "precision agriculture", which laid a good foundation for the development of "smart agriculture". At the present stage, the United States uses the Internet of Things technology to carry out "smart agriculture" production level, which has driven a new transformation in the agricultural industry chain.

1、生产及经营环节借助于农业物联网及大数据分析，实现了农产品全生命周期和全生产流程的数据共享及智能决策（ Production and operation With the help of the agricultural Internet of Things and big data analysis, the data sharing and intelligent decision-making of the whole life cycle and the whole production process of agricultural products are realized）

美国中西部地区在玉米、大豆、甜菜等作物种植方面广泛应用物联网技术。物联网的应用使农产品的全生命周期数据共享，特别是从播种、灌溉、施肥、病虫害防治到收获预期的全生产流程一直处于智能决策的状态中。

The iot technology is widely used in the Midwest to grow corn, soybeans, beets and other crops. The application of the Internet of Things enables the whole life cycle data sharing of agricultural products, especially the whole production process from sowing, irrigation, fertilization, pest control to harvest expectation has been in a state of intelligent decision-making.

物联网在农业生产中的主要应用是实时监测并查清农作物生长过程中田地的土壤性状与生产力状况(如光照强度、空气温湿度、二氧化碳浓度等)，使用红外成像系统配合卫星鸟瞰和观察农作物的长势情况，配合生物量地图系统及时判断作物是否缺少营养素，将数据传给化肥供应商，直接获得当下最适合作物生长的肥料配方，从而通过变量施肥技术动态调节耕作过程中的水、肥等生产要素投入量。例如FarmLogs与Cropx分别是美国农业智能化管理及生产方面的代表性企业。

Internet of things in the agricultural production is real-time monitoring and crops in the process of soil field growth and productivity (such as light intensity, air temperature and humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, etc.), using infrared imaging system with a bird's eye view and observe the growth of crops, with biomass map system timely determine whether crops lack of nutrients, the data to fertilizer suppliers, directly obtain the most suitable for crop growth of fertilizer formula, through variable fertilization technology dynamic regulation of the amount of production factors in the process of water, fertilizer input. For example, FarmLogs and Cropx are representative enterprises in intelligent agricultural management and production in the United States.

FarmLogs是2011年成立于硅谷的一家基于云平台的生产管理平台类公司，农场主通过桌面WEB界面及移动端App来管理农场。目前FarmLogs覆盖了全美15%的农场，2014年上半年其市场份额翻了3倍。

FarmLogs Is a production management platform company based on cloud platform founded in 2011 in Silicon Valley. Farmers manage their farms through the desktop WEB interface and mobile App. FarmLogs now covers 15 percent of farms in the U. S., and its market share tripled in the first half of 2014.

Cropx是一家能提供农业智能化灌溉乃至智能化生产解决方案的企业。Cropx开发一种土壤探测硬件，探测地形、土壤结构和含水量，在农场建立起土地的“物联网”，帮助农户节约大量灌溉用水。

CroPX is an enterprise that can provide intelligent irrigation and even intelligent production solutions for agriculture. Cropx developed a soil detection hardware to detect the terrain, soil structure and water content, establishing the "Internet of Things" of land on farms to help farmers save a lot of irrigation water.

此外，大型农场(销售额50万美元以上)均使用产量监控器，并辅之以GPS、耕种区域地图、耕种作物种类和植物种群信息等，这些信息实时传输给软件系统，经过系统分析，做出实时判断，在未收获作物之前形成产量报告，有助于对农作物合理定价。相对于大型农场，美国小型农场(销售额25万美元以下)的发展模式日益趋向于“植物土厂”。在美国家庭农场中，由于小型农场占比高达88 %，这种“植物土厂”的发展空间伴随物联网科技的进步将愈加广阔。

In addition, large farms (sales of more than $500000) using production monitor, supplemented by GPS, farming area map, farming crops and plant population information, etc., the information real-time transmission to the software system, through system analysis, real-time judgment, formed before the harvest crop yield report, help to reasonable pricing of crops. Compared with large farms, small American farms (sales below $250,000) are increasingly becoming "plant soil plants". With small family farms accounting for 88 percent, the scope for such a "plant land plant" will expand with the advancement of Internet of Things technology.

2、流通环节借助农业电子商务不断改造升级（Circulation link with the help of agricultural e-commerce continuous transformation and upgrading）

美国的农业流通较早地采用了电子商务技术，农业流通模式不断创新升级。为提升产品安全溯源及定价能力，农产品电商与农资电商均构建了从生产者到需求者的网上直销渠道。其中，农产品电商通过企业对企业(B2B)与企业对消费者(B2C)双结合的模式对接种植、养殖主体及农资电商则采用B2B模式，对接种植、养殖主体及农资企业，从而在根本上颠覆了传统的农业流通渠道体系。

The agricultural circulation of the United States adopted e-commerce technology earlier, and the agricultural circulation mode was constantly innovated and upgraded. In order to improve product safety traceability and pricing ability, agricultural products e-commerce and agricultural materials e-commerce have built online direct selling channels from producers to demanders. Among them, agricultural products e-commerce adopts the enterprise to enterprise (B2B) and consumer (B2C). agricultural e-commerce adopts B2B mode, and connects the planting and breeding subjects and agricultural materials enterprises, thus fundamentally subverting the traditional agricultural circulation channel system.

随着“智慧农业”生产中农场主从生产者向管理者转型，农资需求日益从单纯的产品需求向综合的服务需求转变，大农资一体化的进程不断加快，行业集中度进一步提升。

With the transformation of farmers from producers to managers in the production of "smart agriculture", the demand for agricultural materials is increasingly changing from simple product demand to comprehensive service demand, the process of integration of large agricultural materials is accelerating, and the degree of industry concentration is further enhanced.

信息技术服务是信息化时代的必需，为弥补此前只经营种子、化肥、农药的短板，孟山都公司于2013年收购天气保险公司，向农业大数据业务进军，全力打造大农资一体化服务体系。孟山都通过天气保险公司的数据信息平台为其种子及化肥客户提供农业数据产品等信息化服务，天气保险公司所拥有的信息优势预期将带来200亿美的收入。

Information technology service is necessary in the information age. In order to make up for the shortcomings of only operating seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, Monsanto acquired weather insurance Company in 2013, entered into agricultural big data business, and made every effort to build an integrated service system of large agricultural materials. Monsanto provides information services such as agricultural data products to its seed and fertilizer customers through the data information platform of The Weather Insurance Company. The information advantage of the weather insurance company is expected to bring 20 billion dollars in revenue.

美国的农产品在线销售平台不断创新。2011年，积极引入“私人定制”这一社会化电商的新思维，创造性地打造了“食物社区”(即由带头人将临近的消费者与当地中小农场连接起来)的团购型概念。以Farmigo网站为例，它为每一个“食物社区”制作专门的购物网页，是一个链接农场和消费者的在线平台。农场主通过它管理农产品的产销及配送，消费者通过它直接从农场购买优质新鲜的农产品，从而让农场及消费者都得到实惠，实现“双赢”。

The online sales platform of agricultural products in the United States is constantly innovating. In 2011, it actively introduced the new thinking of "private customization" as a social e-commerce company, and creatively created the concept of "food community" (that is, the leaders connecting nearby consumers and local small and medium-sized farms). Take Farmigo, for example, which makes dedicated shopping web pages for every "food community" and is an online platform that links farms and consumers. Farmers manage the production and marketing and distribution of agricultural products through it, and consumers buy high-quality fresh agricultural products directly from the farm, so that both the farm and consumers can get benefits and achieve a "win-win situation".

2013年，美国农场使用数字用户专线(DSL)的比例为6.0%，信息化水平达89. 6%，由此带动农业电子商务进入高级阶段。更具价值的是，农场主及农产品经销商需要随时掌握国内外农产品市场变化的宏微观信息，根据价格、行情变化等情况指导农业生产的品种、数量等，从而保证“智慧农业”生产导向的正确性。美国的农业经营主体也由此将其经营范围进一步拓展到世界各国。

In 2013, the proportion of American farms using digital user special line (DSL) was 6.0%, and the information level reached 89.6%, thus driving agricultural e-commerce into the advanced stage. What is more valuable is that farmers and agricultural product dealers need to grasp the macro and micro information of the changes in the domestic and foreign agricultural products market at any time, and guide the variety and quantity of agricultural production according to the price and market changes, so as to ensure the correctness of the "smart agriculture" production orientation. The agricultural business entities of the United States have thus further expanded its business scope to all countries in the world.

3、有强大的技术和政策为支撑（Supported by strong technology and policies）

美国有100多个信息收集处，每天汇总分析并发布全美各类农业信息;大量农业基础数据是公开的资源，行业壁垒低，加之农场主对技术服务尤其对基于大数据的决策支持的迫切需求，使大数据公司层出不穷且呈蓬勃发展之势。

There are more than 100 information collectors in the United States, which analyze and publish various agricultural information in the United States every day. A large amount of basic agricultural data is a open resource with low industry barriers, and the urgent need of farmers for technical services, especially decision support based on big data, make big data companies emerge and flourish.

AGRI-COLA, AGRIS, Preview等多个强大数据库及物联网科技等创新成果给美国“智慧农业”及其产业链条的发展提供了优越的科研资源和技术条件。多层次的农技推广及服务体系有利于各种新技术的落地实施。1966 -2014年，美国先后出台了6项与农业信息化相关的法律法规和发展计划，为“智慧农业”及其产业链条的发展提供了良好的政策环境和财政支持。

AGRI-COLA, AGRIS, Preview and other powerful databases, and Internet of Things technology have provided superior scientific research resources and technical conditions for the development of "smart agriculture" and its industrial chain in the United States. The multi-level agricultural technology extension and service system is conducive to the implementation of various new technologies. From 1966 to 2014, the United States successively issued six laws, regulations and development plans related to agricultural informatization, providing a good policy environment and financial support for the development of "smart agriculture" and its industrial chain.

美国“智慧农业”给我之启示（The American "smart agriculture" has taught me something）

2010年以来，我国有关部门批准了一批物联网试点项目，现已在河南、陕西、北京、江苏等省市生根开花，分别在大田作物、设施农业、动物养殖、水产养殖等方面应用了物联网技术。其中，在小麦等主粮产业上运用物联网技术及采用养牛、养猪的智能化精确饲喂系统已成为我国农作物种植业及动物饲养业与国际接轨的重要路径。

Since 2010, relevant Chinese departments have approved a number of pilot projects for the Internet of Things, which have been launched in Henan, Shaanxi, Beijing, Jiangsu and other provinces and cities, applying the Internet of Things technology in field crops, facility agriculture, animal breeding, aquaculture and other aspects. Among them, the use of the Internet of Things technology and the intelligent and accurate feeding system of cattle raising and pig raising in the wheat and other main grain industries has become an important path for China's crop planting industry and animal breeding industry in order to integrate with the international standards.

同时，全国许多省市均开展了农业物联网科技的应用。其中，上海市“智慧农业”领先各地。上海市现已构建了农业物联网云平台，为政府监管部门及农业生产者提供公共服务及个性化服务;新疆建设兵团大规模采用物联网科技分析和管理农业资源及农业生产;青海省互助农业示范园区现已建成青海省首个高原现代农业信息中心，在设施蔬菜、花卉种植、畜禽养殖等多个领域应用物联网技术，带动高原农业发展取得新突破。今后我国发展“智慧农业”应采取以下措施:

At the same time, many provinces and cities across the country have carried out the application of agricultural Internet of Things technology. Among them, Shanghai "smart agriculture" leads the whole place. Shanghai has built the agricultural Internet of Things cloud platform to provide public services and personalized services for government regulatory departments and agricultural producers; Xinjiang Construction Corps adopts the Internet of Things technology analysis and manage agricultural resources and agricultural production on a large scale; Qinghai Mutual Aid Agriculture Demonstration Park has built the first plateau modern agriculture information center in Qinghai Province, and applies the Internet of Things technology in facility vegetables, flower planting, livestock and poultry breeding to make new breakthroughs in the development of plateau agriculture. In the future, China should take the following measures to develop "smart agriculture":

1、加强信息技术和“智慧农机”的研发（Strengthen the research and development of information technology and "smart agricultural machinery"）

未来各地应鼓励电信运营商、信息技术企业、科研院所及高等院校等社会力量积极参与农业物联网项目建设，着力突破适用于农业动态多变环境使用的关键技术。

In the future, telecom operators, information technology enterprises, scientific research institutes and universities and other social forces should be encouraged to actively participate in the construction of agricultural Internet of Things projects, and strive to make breakthroughs in the key technologies suitable for the use of agricultural dynamic and changeable environment.

农业物联网发展要从基础好、规模化程度高的行业入手，在生产过程精细管理、农产品与食品安全监控系统以及水土资源开发利用等领域优先发展;同时开展大田生产、设施园艺、畜禽水产养殖等领域的无线传感网络技术及产品应用研究，努力实现农业物联网科技的多领域平衡发展。

The development of agricultural Internet of Things should start from the industry with good foundation and high scale, and give priority to the development in the fields of fine management, agricultural products and food safety monitoring system and development and utilization of water and soil resources. At the same time, carry out wireless sensor network technology and product application research in field production, facility horticulture, livestock and poultry aquaculture, so as to realize the balanced development of agricultural Internet of Things technology.

积极完善农业物联网应用服务模式，加快农业应用云计算服务平台研究，支持农业与农村智能信息服务产业发展;认真做好产业构建与发展、技术演进和体系构建等顶层设计，加强农业物联网技术标准研究。

Actively improve the application service mode of agricultural Internet of Things, accelerate the research of agricultural application cloud computing service platform, support the development of agricultural and rural intelligent information service industry; conscientiously do a good job in the top-level design of industrial construction and development, technology evolution and system construction, and strengthen the research on the technical standards of agricultural Internet of Things.

发展“智慧农业”，离不开“智慧农机”。我国的农机企业应将大数据作为农业机械决策的大脑，努力研制具有查询、调度、定位、测量、计算、管理等诸多功能的“智慧农机”。

The development of "smart agriculture" is inseparable from "smart agricultural machinery". China's agricultural machinery enterprises should take big data as the brain of agricultural machinery decision-making, and strive to develop "intelligent agricultural machinery" with many functions such as query, scheduling, positioning, measurement, calculation and management.

2、促进农业电子商务，切实提供“智慧农业”服务（We will promote agricultural e-commerce and effectively provide "smart agriculture" services）

目前，国内农资龙头企业，如史丹利、金正大及大北农等均已涉足电商。面对农资终端的不断下沉，各大农资龙头企业正力求实现技术服务、商务服务和平台服务的一体化，从而在真正意义上实现农资生产商与农户间的“去中介化”。

At present, the domestic agricultural leading enterprises, such as Stanley, Kim Jong Da and Dabinong, have been involved in e-commerce. In the face of the continuous sinking of agricultural materials terminals, the leading enterprises of agricultural materials are striving to realize the integration of technical services, business services and platform services, so as to realize the "disintermediation" between agricultural materials producers and farmers in a real sense.

目前入驻“云农场”的农资企业已有上百家，上线品牌超过千家。同时，农业科技服务及农村金融服务也将迈上新台阶，农业部科教司正在打造国家农业科技服务云平台。

At present, there are hundreds of agricultural enterprises settled in "Cloud Farm", and more than one thousand online brands. At the same time, agricultural science and technology services and rural financial services will also reach a new level, and the Department of Science and Education of the Ministry of Agriculture is building a national agricultural science and technology service cloud platform.

未来，各级政府部门应重视农业电子商务网站质量的提升，强调农业信息的针对性和时效性;鼓励并引导农民更多地运用农业电子商务来发展效益农业。

In the future, government departments at all levels should pay attention to the improvement of the quality of agricultural e-commerce websites, emphasize the pertinence and timeliness of agricultural information, and encourage and guide farmers to make more use of agricultural e-commerce to develop benefit agriculture.

3、建设“智慧农村”，培养“智慧农民”（We will build a "smart countryside" and cultivate "smart farmers"）

建设“智慧农村”是大势所趋。近年来“宽带中国”战略的实施和网络提速让“智慧农村”逐渐从设想走向现实。中国知网研发的CNKI "智慧农民”云平台，开辟了集学习、交流、办公、管理与考核一体化的农技推广体系，全国各地基层农业管理部门借助此平台正努力构建综合、高效的农业知识服务体系，为培育“智慧农民”提供多方位的农业知识及农业技术推广服务。

Building a "smart countryside" is the trend of The Times. In recent years, the implementation of the "Broadband China" strategy and the acceleration of the network have gradually brought the "smart countryside" from the vision to the reality. CNKI research and development of China "wisdom farmers" cloud platform, opened up a set of learning, communication, office, management and assessment of agricultural extension system, the grassroots agricultural management department with the platform is trying to build a comprehensive and efficient agricultural knowledge service system, to foster "wisdom farmers" provide comprehensive agricultural knowledge and agricultural technology promotion services.

各地要继续加强农村地区通信、信息技术的基础设施建设，在现有的全国农村互联网普及率达28.8%、农村网民达1.78亿人的基础上，努力提高农村互联网普及率，促进农村网民数量的进一步增加。当前的紧迫任务是通过开展农民信息技术及相关技能培训，使家庭农场主、专业业大户、合作社成员、返乡创业人员等率先成为“智慧农民”，成为农业产业的主力军，以力量引领广大农民共同增收致富。

All localities should continue to strengthen the infrastructure construction of communication and information technology in rural areas. On the basis of the existing Internet penetration rate in rural areas reaching 28.8% and 178 million rural Internet users, efforts should be made to increase the Internet penetration rate in rural areas and promote the further increase of the number of rural Internet users. At present, the urgent task is to carry out farmers' information technology and related skills training, so that family farmers, professional professionals, cooperative members, returning entrepreneurs to take the lead to become "smart farmers", become the main force of the agricultural industry, to lead the majority of farmers to increase income and become rich together.