美国的农机经营模式

美国的农机经营模式

Agricultural machinery business model in the United States

一、美国的农业机械化发展

美国是世界上最早实现农业机械化的国家，到２０世纪４０年代初期，美国基本上在全国范围内实现了农业机械化。

1、从其历史发展看，美国的农业机械化大致可以分为４个时期

从独立战争到南北战争时期，为改良农具时期；

从南北战争结束到１９１０年，为以马拉农具为主体的半机械化时期；

１９１１—１９４０年，为以内燃拖拉机为主体的机械化时期；

１９４１年至今，为内燃机机械化到自动化发展时期，也是高级机械化时代。从第二次世界大战结束到６０年代中期，美国的各类农业机械普及很快。１９４５—１９６５年，拖拉机数量增长了２００％，谷物类的联合收割机增长了１８０％，其他类机械增长幅度也较大。到了１９７０年后，农业机械的数量增长有所放缓，逐步趋于平稳，部分机械有所减少，但是机械的性能与效率有了大幅提升。

进入２１世纪后，在计算机、信息技术的辅助下，美国农业机械化向自动化、遥感化、计算化方向发展，农业机械化转向了农业精准化轨道，美国的农业完全实现了高度的机械化、规模化、自动化与专业化。

到２０１３年，美国每英亩（１英亩≈０．４０５ｈｍ２）土地装备农业机械的成本为２００美元，单台自动化的拖拉机能够担负２１０英亩耕地、９３英亩播种、７１英亩收获任务。高度机械化带来的农业生产高效率，有效促进了美国农业的发展。

二、美国农机经营情况

美国农机经营模式伴随着市场机制在不同的历史时期有不同的表现。在机械化的初期，美国的农场基本上是租赁大型农业机械，农场主只购买小型机械；到了２０世纪６０年代中期，美国绝大多数农场的农机配置基本齐全，农机投资占到了农业总投资的１／２左右，但也导致了过度投资、农机利用率有限等问题；

７０年代开始，农场主购买农机的数量日趋减少，目前美国家庭农场农机拥有比例达到了７０％左右；从８０年代起，农场主为了提高联合收割机等大型机械的利用率，开始出租机械，并出现了谷物联合收割机专业组织。

农机的出租人与农场主签订合同，根据合同为农场提供专业服务，这样既减少了农场主的农业投入，还提高了农机利用率。目前，美国的农机经营模式从总体上看有３种形式。

三、美国农机经营模式

1、自购自用（营）模式。这种形式在当前小型农机中还是占主流地位，美国农场主小型农机的拥有率是比较高的。农场主投资购买农机是为了自身生产的需要，应用农机完成各个环节的作业。一般而言，除了满足自身生产作业的需求外，农场主还可以将农机出租给其他农场主使用，以获得一定收益，尽快收回农机购买成本。但这种租赁回收的资金相对比较少，２０１３年全美小型农机租赁总收入仅为２５．３３亿美元，占农业生产收入的比例不到１％。

1. Self-purchase and self-use (camp) mode. This form in the current small agricultural machinery, the United States farmers small farm machinery ownership rate is relatively high. Farmers invest in the purchase of agricultural machinery for the needs of their own production, the application of agricultural machinery to complete each link of the operation. Generally speaking, in addition to meeting the needs of their own production operations, farmers can also lease farm machinery to other farmers for use, in order to obtain certain benefits and recover the purchase cost of agricultural machinery as soon as possible. But the leasing recovery is relatively small. In 2013, the total revenue of small farm machinery leasing was only $2.533 billion, accounting for less than 1% of agricultural production revenue.

２、公司租赁模式。农机租赁公司购买农机并不是为了自身生产的需要，而是用于专业化的租赁服务。这种模式中的机械大多数为大型农机，不提供小型农机租赁服务。因为需要考虑到运输成本问题，这种模式通常是区域性的。租赁公司只负责提供农机出租、农机维修保养等服务，不提供驾驶操作者。当前，公司租赁模式在北美越来越普遍，且越来越专业化，各类大型、新型农机均能够被及时引进，从而为农场提供多样化的服务。据美国农业部统计，２０１３年约有５．９％的农场向租赁公司租用农机，租赁费用达到１４．３５亿美元，占农业总支出的０．６７％，平均每个农场的租赁费用为１．２万美元。其中合作制农场、股份制农场租赁费用明显高于家庭及私人农场，可见，大型农机租赁与农场经营规模之间有着密切的关系，租赁农机支出费用在农业成本中的份额随着农场规模的增加在下降。

2. Company leasing mode. Agricultural machinery leasing companies do not buy agricultural machinery for the needs of their own production, but for professional leasing services. Most of the machinery in this model is large agricultural machinery, and does not provide small agricultural machinery rental services. This model is usually regional because of costs need to transportation costs. Leasing companies are only responsible for providing agricultural machinery rental, agricultural machinery maintenance and other services, do not provide driving operators. At present, the company's leasing model is more and more common in North America, and more and more professional, all kinds of large and new agricultural machinery can be introduced in time, so as to provide diversified services for the farm. According to the US Department of Agriculture, about5.9 percent of farms rented farm machinery from leasing companies in 2013, for $1.435 billion, or 0.67 percent of total agricultural spending, and an average of $12,000 per farm. Among them, the rental cost of cooperative farms and joint-stock farms is significantly higher than that of families and private farms. It can be seen that there is a close relationship between large agricultural machinery leasing and the scale of farm operation, and the share of leasing agricultural machinery expenditure in the agricultural cost is declining with the increase of the farm scale.

3、契约租赁模式。契约租赁不同于公司租赁，公司租赁只提供大型农机出租服务，其他的服务均不提供，而契约租赁则是由专业化的服务公司来组织经营的。农场主只需与这些服务公司签订作业契约，支付约定的费用，由服务公司完成从耕地、播种、施肥到排涝等全部作业，并提供驾驶、操作与维护服务。这种模式最大的特点是不仅能提供农机租赁，还可直接提供作业服务，在大型的股份制农场中比较多见。

3. Contract lease mode. Contract lease is different from the company leasing, the company lease only provides large agricultural machinery leasing services, but does not provide other services, while the contract lease is organized and operated by professional service companies. The farmer only needs to sign an operation contract with these service companies, pay the agreed fee, and the service company will complete all the operations from farmland, sowing, fertilization to drainage, and provide driving, operation and maintenance services. The biggest characteristic of this model is that it can not only provide agricultural machinery leasing, but also directly provide direct operation services, which is more common in large joint-stock farms.

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